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ANY dental emergency will have to be treated in flight
The medical condition most likely to end in evacuation from the ISS would be a dental abscess
Space Station MIR also had a dental event recorded
Lots of dental events occur preflight
Long duration missions raise the probability of significant in flight emergencies
Due to this increase, astronauts will learn how to treat dental emergencies

Dental injuries are expected to rise significantly during long-term space missions to the Moon, Mars, and deep space
Dental injuries are often accompanied by severe pain and dysfunction
The probability of a dental issue causing at least major discomfort is 1:1500 man-days, this ratio will increase as missions get longer and number of crewmembers increase
It’s likely that a dental emergency/dental caused discomfort will occur during a long-term Mars mission
There is no procedure or technology available to sustain and restore teeth for long-term missions
Dental procedures will need to be performed by crewmember or yourself in space
Outer space missions will not allow evacuation of a sick/injured astronaut
Microgravity and radiation in long-term space missions will lead to increase of oral diseases including cancer

Toothpaste is not intended for regular human consumption because it contains fluoride and other inactive substances
Swallowing a large amount of toothpaste that contains fluoride may cause stomach pain and intestinal blockage
Only a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste should be used
Acute fluoride toxicity is 0.1 - 0.3mg/kg
Most common side effects of fluoride toxicity are nausea and abdominal cramps or pains, and vomiting

Acids from plaque cause the loss of minerals from the tooth, resulting in tooth decay
Fluoride applied topically and frequently, speeds up the growth rate and enlarges the size of enamel crystals
The larger the crystals are, the less prone they are to future attack from the acids, and fluoride can remineralize the teeth
Systemic fluoride helps to strengthen teeth while they are growing
Optimum amount of fluoride in the water is 0.7 to 1.2 parts per million
Fluoride may result in a reversal of the early caries process and it protects the enamel, giving the teeth a more resistant enamel everytime it gets decalcified

Since the 1940s, cities have been adding fluoride to their water supplies.
Fluoridated tap water provides 20% more protection against tooth decay than brushing
Children exposed to 4 ppm (parts per million) of fluoride have a risk for dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis
Fluoride at 2 ppm or greater has a risk of lowering the IQ in developing children
In tap water, the margin of safety for the concentration of fluoride in water is very small
Fluoride can cause problems with bone structure if high concentrations of fluoride are maintained for a long period of time